Thanks for your thoughts. I am somewhat relieved that no one has suggested a motor-related issue based on their own experience.
The bike has only 13,000 km / 8,000 mi on it, and the chain, front sprocket, and rear sprocket still look to be in pretty good shape based on simple checks: chain tension at different positions and trying to pull the chain away from the rear sprocket.
The issue is strongest at around 80 km/h / 50 mph, but it starts at about 65 km/h / 40 mph. Above 90 km/h / 55 mph, it becomes less noticeable again.
One interesting detail is that the problem has become much more noticeable since I switched to Michelin Road 6 tyres. As these are said to have better self-damping than the previously fitted Pirelli Diablo Rosso III, I would actually have expected them to mask rather than amplify a drivetrain-related issue. So this may simply be a coincidence, with the actual problem developing around the same time.
Even though the chain and sprockets look intact, given the notoriously high torque of these bikes, there may still be an issue with uneven chain stretch, tight spots, or uneven sprocket wear. I will therefore have the chain and sprockets checked and measured properly at the bike shop, using tools that I don’t have.