Many thanks for your help!
Yes, the retainer plate appears to be made of aluminium, but Helicoil claims their repair threads are good for it.
Drilling and cutting a M10 is surely out of the question, that would remove too much material from the caliper as well as from the retainer. For the Helicoil the new borehole is Ø 8.4 mm which is only a bit larger than the original one, so the actual material loss should be OK.
The Time-Sert repair sets were not known to me yet, but wow they are expensive and apparently hard to get here in Germany. So, after reading all this, I will use the Helicoil as temporary solution and contact Demoni for a replacement.